Why Middle Eastern Leaders are
Talking to Putin, Not Obama
By Dennis Ross
Politico
May 8, 2016
Russia is less dominant militarily
but more willing to act, and that has changed the dynamics in the region.
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The United States has significantly more military capability in the Middle East
today than Russia -- America has 35,000 troops and hundreds of aircraft; the
Russians roughly 2,000 troops and, perhaps, 50 aircraft -- and yet Middle
Eastern leaders are making pilgrimages to Moscow to see Vladimir Putin these
days, not rushing to Washington. Two weeks ago, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu traveled to see the Russian president, his second trip to Russia since
last fall, and King Salman of Saudi Arabia is planning a trip soon. Egypt's
president and other Middle Eastern leaders have also made the trek to see Putin.
Why is this happening, and why on my trips to the region am I hearing that Arabs
and Israelis have pretty much given up on President Barack Obama? Because
perceptions matter more than mere power: The Russians are seen as willing to use
power to affect the balance of power in the region, and we are not.
Putin's decision to intervene militarily in Syria has secured President Bashar
Assad's position and dramatically reduced the isolation imposed on Russia after
the seizure of Crimea and its continuing manipulation of the fighting in
Ukraine. And Putin's worldview is completely at odds with Obama's. Obama
believes in the use of force only in circumstances where our security and
homeland might be directly threatened. His mindset justifies pre-emptive action
against terrorists and doing more to fight the Islamic State. But it frames U.S.
interests and the use of force to support them in very narrow terms. It reflects
the president's reading of the lessons of Iraq and Afghanistan, and helps to
explain why he has been so reluctant to do more in Syria at a time when the war
has produced a humanitarian catastrophe, a refugee crisis that threatens the
underpinnings of the European Union, and helped to give rise to the Islamic
State. And, it also explains why he thinks that Putin cannot gain -- and is
losing -- as a result of his military intervention in Syria.
But in the Middle East it is Putin's views on the uses of coercion, including
force to achieve political objectives, that appears to be the norm, not the
exception -- and that is true for our friends as well as adversaries. The Saudis
acted in Yemen in no small part because they feared the United States would
impose no limits on Iranian expansion in the area, and they felt the need to
draw their own lines. In the aftermath of the nuclear deal, Iran's behavior in
the region has been more aggressive, not less so, with regular Iranian forces
joining the Revolutionary Guard now deployed to Syria, wider use of Shiite
militias, arms smuggling into Bahrain and the eastern province of Saudi Arabia,
and ballistic missile tests.
Russia's presence has not helped. The Russian military intervention turned the
tide in Syria and, contrary to Obama's view, has put the Russians in a stronger
position without imposing any meaningful costs on them. Not only are they not
being penalized for their Syrian intervention, but the president himself is now
calling Vladimir Putin and seeking his help to pressure Assad -- effectively
recognizing who has leverage. Middle Eastern leaders recognize it as well and
realize they need to be talking to the Russians if they are to safeguard their
interests. No doubt, it would be better if the rest of the world defined the
nature of power the way Obama does. It would be better if, internationally,
Putin were seen to be losing. But he is not.
This does not mean that we are weak and Russia is strong. Objectively, Russia is
declining economically and low oil prices spell increasing financial troubles --
a fact that may explain, at least in part, Putin's desire to play up Russia's
role on the world stage and his exercise of power in the Middle East. But
Obama's recent trip to Saudi Arabia did not alter the perception of American
weakness and our reluctance to affect the balance of power in the region. The
Arab Gulf states fear growing Iranian strength more than they fear the Islamic
State -- and they are convinced that the administration is ready to acquiesce in
Iran's pursuit of regional hegemony. Immediately after the president's meeting
at the Gulf Cooperation Council summit, Abdulrahman al-Rashed, a journalist very
well connected to Saudi leaders, wrote: "Washington cannot open up doors to
Iran allowing it to threaten regional countries...while asking the afflicted
countries to settle silently."
As I hear on my visits to the region, Arabs and Israelis alike are looking to
the next administration. They know the Russians are not a force for stability;
they count on the United States to play that role. Ironically, because Obama has
conveyed a reluctance to exercise American power in the region, many of our
traditional partners in the area realize they may have to do more themselves.
That's not necessarily a bad thing unless it drives them to act in ways that
might be counterproductive. For example, had the Saudis been more confident
about our readiness to counter the Iranian-backed threats in the region, would
they have chosen to go to war in Yemen -- a costly war that not surprisingly is
very difficult to win and that has imposed a terrible price? Obama has been
right to believe that the regional parties must play a larger role in fighting
the Islamic State. He has, unfortunately, been wrong to believe they would do so
if they thought we failed to see the bigger threat they saw and they doubted our
credibility.
Indeed, so long as they question American reliability, there will be limits to
how much they will expose themselves -- whether in fighting the Islamic State,
not responding to Russian entreaties, or even thinking about assuming a role of
greater responsibility for Palestinian compromises on making peace with Israel.
To take advantage of their recognition that they may need to run more risks and
assume more responsibility in the region, they will want to know that America's
word is good and there will be no more "red lines" declared but
unfulfilled; that we see the same threats they do; and that U.S. leaders
understand that power affects the landscape in the region and will not hesitate
to reassert it.
Several steps would help convey such an impression:
* Toughen our declaratory policy toward Iran about the consequences of cheating
on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action to include blunt, explicit language on
employing force, not sanctions, should the Iranians violate their commitment not
to pursue or acquire a nuclear weapon;
* Launch contingency planning with GCC states and Israel -- who themselves are
now talking -- to generate specific options for countering Iran's growing use of
Shiite militias to undermine regimes in the region. (A readiness to host quiet
three-way discussions with Arab and Israeli military planners would signal we
recognize the shared threat perceptions, the new strategic realities, and the
potentially new means to counter both radical Shiite and Sunni threats.)
* Be prepared to arm the Sunni tribes in Iraq if Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi
continues to be blocked from doing so by the Iranians and the leading militias;
* In Syria, make clear that if the Russians continue to back Assad and do not
force him to accept the Vienna principles (a cease-fire, opening humanitarian
corridors, negotiations and a political transition), they will leave us no
choice but to work with our partners to develop safe havens with no-fly zones.
Putin and Middle Eastern leaders understand the logic of coercion. It is time
for us to reapply it.